This epidemiological study provides, for the first time, exploratory evidence of associations between food coloring additives and cancer incidence. Consumption of total coloring additives was found to be significantly associated with a higher incidence of overall cancer (a rate of 13.3% among high consumers of colorings compared to 12.1% among low consumers), as well as breast cancer and postmenopausal breast cancer. Plain caramel (E150a) was associated with an increased incidence of overall cancer, while beta-carotene (E160a) was associated with an increased incidence of both overall cancer and breast cancer. These findings require confirmation.