In 2019, Hall et al. showed in a randomized controlled study that a diet based on so-called “ultra-processed” foods according to the NOVA classification increased caloric intake by about 500 kcal/day compared to an “unprocessed” diet. This article by Jeffrey Brunstrom et al. reanalyzed the consumption data. Although participants were encouraged to eat as much or as little as desired, they chose meal components with different nutritional characteristics between the “ultra-processed” diet and the “unprocessed” one, which altered their energy intake.
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